What is a super computer? How does it work? - Detailed explanation Does super computing mean super fast computing?

 What is a super computer? How does it work? - Detailed explanation Does super computing mean super fast computing?

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Going back half a century, even the smallest computer of that time would have occupied a whole room. And today, thanks to microchips, more powerful computers than ever before are stuck in the pocket. But have you ever wondered how powerful it would be to build a home-sized computer with these tiny chips? Is it possible to make a super computer in this way? —Whose super computing power is a million times more than yours or my laptop or desktop, and it can solve any complex scientific problem in the world? Today's question is, exactly what features help make a simple computer a super-computer? How is a supercomputer different from your current computer? Let's know all the information about super computing in detail.

 

What is a super computer?

So, what are the super features that make a computer called a super-computer? Due to the computer to fly? কারণে Due to the laser light fence from the computer's CPU? 😛 Or because of the built-in ammunition and cannon with the computer? Hey one minute! It's not super man, super-computer!

In simple terms, computers that can solve extremely fast, complex scientific problems, predict the weather, or predict what the climate of 2050 will be like right now, and can do some extraordinary things, are called supercomputers. Now you might ask, just how fast does a computer work? If I add more RAM and more core processors, more GPUs to my computer, can I do super computing too? In order to fully understand the definition of super-computer that I have given in "simple language", you must first be aware of some of the terms.

IBM's supercomputer, powered by 250,000 processors

Before entering today's main question, we need to know what is a computer? It is basically a machine, which completes any normal work. It first receives input data for any task, then processes it to its own power, and finally presents an output result. In fact, a supercomputer means that you have to be a giant computer or be millions of times faster than a normal computer, but that is not the case at all; In fact, it uses completely different methods to complete a task. Like your normal desktop or laptop, it does many things at once, not just one at a time. And this is basically the main feature that makes a computer a super computer. 

Serial and parallel processing

What is the difference between serial and parallel processing? A normal computer can only do one task at a time, meaning that it completes one task after another to complete a task and provides the output of the task. And this is called serial processing. Now you might say, "Hey, I play music at the same time with my computer, browse the internet, render videos again, and you say one thing at a time"? In fact, your computer can complete millions of commands per second, making it seem like real time to you, even if you serialize one task after another. Let’s try to make the matter clearer with a beautiful example. Imagine for a second you were transposed into the karmic driven world of Earl. Imagine for a second you were transposed into the karmic driven world of Earl. What he will do now — he will first get up from his seat, then go to the flour packet rack, bring the flour packet, hand it to you, and count the cash you have given and put it in the drawer. Now look at how quickly he got up from his seat or how quickly he brought flour from the rack and handed it to you is not the main issue. The point is, he's only doing one thing at a time. No matter how fast he provides services to you, he is doing one thing at a time and serving you by doing one thing after another. This is how ordinary computers complete their work.

But today's modern supercomputers work using completely different methods. It divides a task into different parts and processes them at the same time, and this system of doing work is called parallel processing. Now, according to the example above, imagine which store you went to to buy 1 kg of flour, 1 liter of oil, and 1 kg of sugar. Now suppose there are 3 people together in that shop to help that shopkeeper. Then everyone can choose a different job to deliver the things you want to you. Someone will bring sugar, someone will bring oil and someone will supply flour and in the same time you will be able to settle the money transaction with the shopkeeper. Notice again, everyone brings different things at the same time but all of them are coming to you together. That way no matter how many things you want to buy in the store, if there are a lot of people working there, it is possible to complete all the work much faster in the same time. And this is parallel processing, theoretically, our brain also works in parallel processing. At the same time you are reading this article again at the same time your brain is continuing the full internal activity of your body.

Why is parallel processing necessary in super computing?

The computers we use all the time do not need to be so efficient. Browsing the Internet, sending emails, or typing requires very little processing power on your computer. But if you want to do a lot of complex work, such as changing the color of a large resolution digital photo, your computer needs a lot of processing, which can take up to a few minutes to complete. Again, if you want to do gaming on your computer without just browsing the internet, sending emails, or typing, you will need a lot of fast processor, dedicated GPU and more memory (RAM), otherwise your system will work slow. Fast processor, and double the amount of memory, your computer will start working dramatically much faster. But how fast? This speed also has a limit — because a processor can only do one thing at a time.

Now suppose you are a scientist and you work in a weather office. You need to work together to forecast the weather, test new cancer drugs, and model climate until 2050. Now you can upgrade your PC's processor and more memory to complete these tasks, although it will work faster than before, but it still has a limit to work. However, if your work is divided into one piece and each piece is processed with a separate processor, ie parallel processing, then your work will be done much faster and more efficiently than before.

Parallel computing

To create a supercomputer, supercomputing requires many processors at once — so that they can work together in parallel and complete many tasks at the same time. The fastest supercomputer of the present time is called The Sunway TaihuLight. It has 64-bit 40,960 multicore processors and each processor chip has 256 processing cores. That means there are 10,649,600 processors in this whole computer !!!

Parallel computing is certainly an ideal system for supercomputing, but there are some serious problems with parallel computing. Let's go back to the example of that store, but this time we will take the example with the supermarket. Suppose you went to the supermarket with some of your friends to buy some things. Now if you send each of your friends to a separate counter to get some things, in a very short time your things will be bought, and at the end of the shopping all the things will be collected for you. In the same way, a supercomputer completes a task by cutting it into pieces by different processors and then combines those pieces to provide output. But if a task is too big, sending that task to the processor in pieces and assembling all the pieces at the end of the task becomes a very difficult task for a computer. To do this requires another management system so that each task is delivered to the processor in pieces and the returned pieces are put together and output. But to process this management system also requires a lot of processing power, which can overload the system. Windows OS's Task Manager, for example, displays the processing of almost all programs, but it also requires some processing power to display them.

You may be able to complete the shopping in less time by sending your friends to different counters, but it will be too late to pay. Suppose you come to shop a million things together and 50,000 friends are collecting things from different counters. If you were shopping from one counter at a time, the cash pay problem would be solved at one counter, but shopping at different counters would split one problem into 50,000 problems.

 

Similarly, suppose you give a command to a computer to forecast the weather for the next week around the world. Now your computer will send all this work piece by piece to different processors for processing, if you did the work in one processor then all the processing would be done at once. But in order to process in different processors, the weather forecast of different countries will be processed repeatedly in different ways in each processor. Butt problems can be more serious, because the weather in different countries of the world can be completely different from another country. As a result, one processor will have to wait until another processor is finished — and one will need help from another processor to fix the problem. So some work in super computer needs to be done in parallel and some work in serial processing.

 

Super computing

Types: 

It is possible to do a lot of complex work by making a super computer by putting thousands of processors, RAM and GPU in one big box. Or you can make a super computer by connecting many PCs together in the same room with many fast LAN (local area network) cables. This type of supercomputer is called a cluster. Google uses this type of computer to provide search results to its users.

Another type of supercomputer is called a grid - much like a cluster, but different computers are located in different parts of the world and are connected to each other using the Internet or other computer networks. This is an example of a lot of distributed computing, where computers in different parts of the world work together on a single network. You can also call it virtual super computing. Different varsities or research centers around the world make grid supercomputers by connecting their computers to each other. Not every computer on the grid works at the same time, or they don't have to, but together they form a powerful computing system.

 

Management:

Cluster supercomputers are put together across a large space, many times that space can be equal to 3-4 football fields. And these gigantic-sized computers need a huge amount of electricity to run, with this amount of electricity it is possible to run thousands of homes. Millions of dollars are needed to operate supercomputers to consume so much electricity.

Supercomputers also generate a lot of heat, because when electricity flows through a cable, it also generates heat energy. And for this, your normal computer also needs a cooling system. But these huge computers can no longer be cooled by ordinary fans. Today's modern supercomputers are cooled by liquids, just as refrigerators do. It costs a lot of electricity to operate this cooling system, secondly it is also harmful to the environment.

 

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